Network Working Group R. Gellens Internet-Draft Core Technology Consulting Intended status: Standards Track February 12, 2017 Expires: August 6, 2017 Negotiating Human Language in Real-Time Communications draft-ietf-slim-negotiating-human-language-06gh Abstract Users have various human (natural) language needs, abilities, and preferences regarding spoken, written, and signed languages. When establishing interactive communication ("calls") there needs to be a way to negotiate (communicate and match) the caller's language and media needs with the capabilities of the called party. This is especially important with emergency calls, where a call can be handled by a call taker capable of communicating with the user, or a translator or relay operator can be bridged into the call during setup, but this applies to non-emergency calls as well (as an example, when calling a company call center). This document describes the need and a solution using new SDP stream attributes. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on August 6, 2017. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Desired Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. The existing 'lang' attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Proposed Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.1. Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.2. The 'humintlang-send' and 'humintlang-recv' attributes . 6 5.3. Preferences within the session . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.4. Unusual indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9. Changes from Previous Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9.1. Changes from draft-ietf-slim-...-04 to draft-ietf- slim-...-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9.2. Changes from draft-ietf-slim-...-02 to draft-ietf- slim-...-03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.3. Changes from draft-ietf-slim-...-01 to draft-ietf- slim-...-02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.4. Changes from draft-ietf-slim-...-00 to draft-ietf- slim-...-01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.5. Changes from draft-gellens-slim-...-03 to draft-ietf- slim-...-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.6. Changes from draft-gellens-slim-...-02 to draft-gellens- slim-...-03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.7. Changes from draft-gellens-slim-...-01 to draft-gellens- slim-...-02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.8. Changes from draft-gellens-slim-...-00 to draft-gellens- slim-...-01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.9. Changes from draft-gellens-mmusic-...-02 to draft- gellens-slim-...-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.10. Changes from draft-gellens-mmusic-...-01 to -02 . . . . . 12 9.11. Changes from draft-gellens-mmusic-...-00 to -01 . . . . . 12 9.12. Changes from draft-gellens-...-02 to draft-gellens- mmusic-...-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 9.13. Changes from draft-gellens-...-01 to -02 . . . . . . . . 13 9.14. Changes from draft-gellens-...-00 to -01 . . . . . . . . 13 10. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 11. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 12.2. Informational References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Appendix A. Historic Alternative Proposal: Caller-prefs . . . . 14 A.1. Use of Caller Preferences Without Additions . . . . . . . 15 A.2. Additional Caller Preferences for Asymmetric Needs . . . 17 A.2.1. Caller Preferences for Asymmetric Modality Needs . . 17 A.2.2. Caller Preferences for Asymmetric Language Tags . . . 18 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1. Introduction A mutually comprehensible language is helpful for human communication. This document addresses the real-time, interactive side of the issue. A companion document on language selection in email [I-D.ietf-slim-multilangcontent] addresses the non-real-time side. When setting up interactive communication sessions (using SIP or other protocols), human (natural) language and media modality (spoken, signed, written) negotiation may be needed. Unless the caller and callee know each other or there is contextual or out of band information from which the language(s) and media modalities can be determined, there is a need for spoken, signed, or written languages to be negotiated based on the caller's needs and the callee's capabilities. This need applies to both emergency and non- emergency calls. For various reasons, including the ability to establish multiple streams using different media (e.g., voice, text, video), it makes sense to use a per-stream negotiation mechanism, in this case, SDP. This approach has a number of benefits, including that it is generic (applies to all interactive communications negotiated using SDP) and not limited to emergency calls. In some cases such a facility isn't needed, because the language is known from the context (such as when a caller places a call to a sign language relay center, to a friend, or colleague). But it is clearly useful in many other cases. For example, someone calling a company call center or a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) should be able to indicate if one or more specific signed, written, and/or spoken languages are preferred, the callee should be able to indicate its capabilities in this area, and the call proceed using in-common language(s) and media forms. Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 Since this is a protocol mechanism, the user equipment (UE client) needs to know the user's preferred languages; a reasonable technique could include a configuration mechanism with a default of the language of the user interface. In some cases, a UE could tie language and media preferences, such as a preference for a video stream using a signed language and/or a text or audio stream using a written/spoken language. Including the user's human (natural) language preferences in the session establishment negotiation is independent of the use of a relay service and is transparent to a voice service provider. For example, assume a user within the United States who speaks Spanish but not English places a voice call. The call could be an emergency call or perhaps to an airline reservation desk. The language information is transparent to the voice service provider, but is part of the session negotiation between the UE and the terminating entity. In the case of a call to e.g., an airline, the call could be automatically handled by a Spanish-speaking agent. In the case of an emergency call, the Emergency Services IP network (ESInet) and the PSAP may choose to take the language and media preferences into account when determining how to process the call. By treating language as another attribute that is negotiated along with other aspects of a media stream, it becomes possible to accommodate a range of users' needs and called party facilities. For example, some users may be able to speak several languages, but have a preference. Some called parties may support some of those languages internally but require the use of a translation service for others, or may have a limited number of call takers able to use certain languages. Another example would be a user who is able to speak but is deaf or hard-of-hearing and requires a voice stream plus a text stream. Making language a media attribute allows the standard session negotiation mechanism to handle this by providing the information and mechanism for the endpoints to make appropriate decisions. Regarding relay services, in the case of an emergency call requiring sign language such as ASL, there are currently two common approaches: the caller initiates the call to a relay center, or the caller places the call to emergency services (e.g., 911 in the U.S. or 112 in Europe). (In a variant of the second case, the voice service provider invokes a relay service as well as emergency services.) In the former case, the language need is ancillary and supplemental. In the non-variant second case, the ESInet and/or PSAP may take the need for sign language into account and bridge in a relay center. In this case, the ESInet and PSAP have all the standard information available (such as location) but are able to bridge the relay sooner in the call processing. Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 By making this facility part of the end-to-end negotiation, the question of which entity provides or engages the relay service becomes separate from the call processing mechanics; if the caller directs the call to a relay service then the human language negotiation facility provides extra information to the relay service but calls will still function without it; if the caller directs the call to emergency services, then the ESInet/PSAP are able to take the user's human language needs into account, e.g., by assigning to a specific queue or call taker or bridging in a relay service or translator. The term "negotiation" is used here rather than "indication" because human language (spoken/written/signed) is something that can be negotiated in the same way as which forms of media (audio/text/video) or which codecs. For example, if we think of non-emergency calls, such as a user calling an airline reservation center, the user may have a set of languages he or she speaks, with perhaps preferences for one or a few, while the airline reservation center will support a fixed set of languages. Negotiation SHOULD select the user's most preferred language that is supported by the call center. Both sides should be aware of which language was negotiated. This is conceptually similar to the way other aspects of each media stream are negotiated using SDP (e.g., media type and codecs). 2. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 3. Desired Semantics The desired solution is a media attribute (preferably per direction) that MAY be used within an offer to indicate the preferred language of each (direction of a) media stream, and within an answer to indicate the accepted language. The semantics of including multiple values for a media stream within an offer is that the languages are listed in order of preference. (Negotiating multiple simultaneous languages within a media stream is out of scope, as the complexity of doing so outweighs the usefulness.) 4. The existing 'lang' attribute RFC 4566 [RFC4566] specifies an attribute 'lang' which appears similar to what is needed here, but is not sufficiently detailed for use here. In addition, it is not mentioned in [RFC3264] and there Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 are no known implementations in SIP. Further, there is value in being able to specify language per direction (sending and receiving). This document therefore defines two new attributes. 5. Proposed Solution An SDP attribute (per direction) seems the natural choice to negotiate human (natural) language of an interactive media stream. The attribute value SHOULD contain a language tag per BCP 47 [RFC5646] 5.1. Rationale The decision to base the proposal at the media negotiation level, and specifically to use SDP, came after significant debate and discussion. From an engineering standpoint, it is possible to meet the objectives using a variety of mechanisms, but none are perfect. None of the proposed alternatives was clearly better technically in enough ways to win over proponents of the others, and none were clearly so bad technically as to be easily rejected. As is often the case in engineering, choosing the solution is a matter of balancing trade-offs, and ultimately more a matter of taste than technical merit. The two main proposals were to use SDP and SIP. SDP has the advantage that the language is negotiated with the media to which it applies, while SIP has the issue that the languages expressed may not match the SDP media negotiated (for example, a session could negotiate video at the SIP level but fail to negotiate any video media stream at the SDP layer). The mechanism described here for SDP can be adapted to media negotiation protocols other than SDP. 5.2. The 'humintlang-send' and 'humintlang-recv' attributes This document defines two media-level attributes starting with 'humintlang' (short for "human interactive language") to negotiate which human language is used in each interactive media stream. There are two attributes, one ending in "-send" and the other in "-recv", registered in Section 6 and described here: a=humintlang-send:[asterisk] a=humintlang-recv:[asterisk] Each can appear multiple times in an offer for a media stream. In an offer, each 'humintlang-send' attribute indicates a language the offerer is willing to use when sending using the media, and 'humintlang-recv' indicates a language the offerer is willing to use when receiving using the media. The Language-Tag values from multiple attributes constitute a list of languages in preference order per direction (first is most preferred). Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 When a media is intended for language use in one direction only (such as a user with speech-impairment is sending using text and receiving using audio), either humintlang-send or humintlang-recv MAY be omitted. When a media is not primarily intended for language (for example, a video or audio stream intended for background only) both SHOULD be omitted. Otherwise, both SHOULD have the same values in the same order. The two SHOULD NOT be set to languages which are difficult to match together (e.g., specifying a desire to send audio in Hungarian and receive audio in Portuguese will make it difficult to successfully complete the call). In an answer, 'humintlang-send' indicates the language the answerer will send (which in most cases is one of the languages in the offer's 'humintlang-recv'), and 'humintlang-recv' indicates the language the answerer expects to receive (which in most cases is one of the languages in the offer's 'humintlang-send'). Each Language-Tag value MUST be a language tag per BCP 47 [RFC5646]. BCP 47 describes mechanisms for matching language tags. Note that [RFC5646] Section 4.1 advises to "tag content wisely" and not include unnecessary subtags. In an offer or answer, each attribute value MAY have a modifier appended as the last character (after the Language-Tag). This specification defines one value for the modifier; an asterisk ("*"). The asterisk included in a humintlang attribute value in the SDP indicates a lower preference for the indicated language and a request by the caller to not reject the call if there is no language in common. See Section 5.3 for more information and discussion. When placing an emergency call, and in any other case where the language cannot be assumed from context, each media stream in an offer primarily intended for human language communication SHOULD specify both (or in some cases as described above, one of) the 'humintlang-send' and 'humintlang-recv' attributes. Note that while signed language tags are used with a video stream to indicate sign language, a spoken language tag for a video stream in parallel with an audio stream with the same spoken language tag indicates a request for a supplemental video stream to see the speaker. Clients acting on behalf of end users are expected to set one or both 'humintlang-send' and 'humintlang-recv' attributes on each media stream primarily intended for human communication in an offer when placing an outgoing session, and either ignore or take into consideration the attributes when receiving incoming calls, based on local configuration and capabilities. Systems acting on behalf of call centers and PSAPs are expected to take into account the values when processing inbound calls. Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 Note that media and language negotiation might result in more media streams being accepted than are needed by the users for language exchange (e.g., if more preferred and less preferred combinations of media and language are all accepted). This is normal and accepted, because the humintlang attribute is not intended to restrict media streams to be used only for language exchange. 5.3. Preferences within the session It is of high importance for a smooth start of a call that the answering party is answering the call using the best matching language(s) and modality(ies) suitable for the continuation of the call. Switching language and modality during the call by agreement between the participants is often time consuming. Without support of detailed language and modality negotiation the particiants may have a tendency to continue the call in the initial language and modality even if a more convenient common language and modality combination is available. In order to support the decision on which of the available language(s) and modality(ies) to use initially in the call, a simple two-level preference indicator is specified here for inclusion as a modifier in the humintlang attribute values. The preference indicator is also used as an indicator that the call SHOULD be established even if no language match is found. The asterisk ("*") is used as a preference indicator within the session. Low relative preference for a language and modality to be used in the session SHOULD be indicated by appending an asterisk after the language tag in the attribute value. This indication from the offering party SHOULD be interpreted by the answering party as a request to use a higher preferred language and modality when answering the call if available, but otherwise accept a lower preferred language and modality combination if that is available. When satisfying languages and modalities in the offer is regarded to be so important that the whole call SHOULD be rejected if no match can be provided in the session in one or both directions, then the asterisk shall not be appended on any indicated language in the whole session description. For the case when no specific preference is desired, but the offering party does not want the call to be rejected, all indicated languages and modalities SHOULD have an asterisk appended. In an answer, the language(s) and modality(ies) that the answering party will use initially in the answer SHOULD be indicated without an appended asterisk. Any language and modality available for later use in the session MAY be indicated by a language tag with an appended asterisk. In the case when more than two parties participate in the call, the language and modality indications provided to each party SHOULD be the sum of the indications from the other parties. The use of the preference indicator as specified above does not provide for distinguishing between the case when two or more language/modality combinations in the same direction are desired for use simultaneously versus the case when two or more language/modality combinations for the same directions are provided as selectable alternatives without specific preference differentiation. The context or other specifications may introduce the possibility to distinguish between these cases. When a party in a call has no indications that two or more language/modality combinations for each direction are desired simultaeously in the call, the party SHOULD assume that satisfying one is sufficient. Other specifications may add other attribute value modifiers than the asterisk. If an unknown modifier is detected, the modifier SHALL be ignored. 5.4. Unusual indications It is possible to specify an unusual indicationn where the language specified does not make sense for the media type, such as specifying a signed language for an audio media stream. An offer MUST NOT be created where the language does not make sense for the media type. If such an offer is received, the receiver SHOULD ignore the language specified. However, there are indications which look illogical, but can be assigned valid interpretations. A spoken language tag for a video stream in conjunction with an audio stream with the same language indicates a request for supplemental video to see the speaker. There is no difference between language tags for spoken and written languages. The spoken or written language tag indicated for a video stream could therefore be interpreted as a capability or request to use text captions overlayed on the video stream. The interpretation according to this specification SHALL however be to have a view of the speaker. Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 5.5. Examples Some informative examples are shown below. Only the most directly relevant portions of the SDP block are shown, for clarity. 5.5.1 Preference for a spoken language and desire to fail the call if not met A calling user does only want to use spoken Russian and want the call to be rejected if this preference is not met. Video is also included in the offer but not for language communication purpose. m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 0 a=humintlang-send:ru a=humintlang-recv:ru m=video 51372 RTP/AVP 34 The desire to get the call rejected if the language preferences are not met is indicated by not appending any asterisk on any of the humintlang attributes. The answering party has capability in spoken Russian, but no video capability in the UE, so the answer will contain the following: m=audio 54000 RTP/AVP 0 a=humintlang-send:ru a=humintlang-recv:ru m=video 0 RTP/AVP 34 5.5.2 Preference for spoken language and capability in sign language This SDP shows preference for spoken English both ways. The user also has knowledge in American sign language but by indication of the asterisks on these attribute values, the user does not prefer that modality. Text is included in the offer but with no indication to be used primarily for initial language exchange. The call is also requested to not be rejected even if none of the indicated languages can be provided. m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 0 a=humintlang-send:en a=humintlang-recv:en m=video 51372 RTP/AVP 31 32 a=humintlang-send:ase* a=humintlang-recv:ase* m=text 45670 RTP/AVP 100 102 5.5.3 Preference for spoken and capability for written languages This offer shows preference for spoken Spanish and Basque in this order, and at lower preference a capability for written Spanish, Basque and also English. Video is include without any indication of use for language communication purposes. The call is also requested to not be rejected even if none of these languages can be provided. m=audio 49250 RTP/AVP 20 a=humintlang-send:es a=humintlang-recv:es a=humintlang-send:eu a=humintlang-recv:eu m=text 45020 RTP/AVP 103 104 a=humintlang-send:es* a=humintlang-recv:es* a=humintlang-send:eu* a=humintlang-recv:eu* a=humintlang-send:en* a=humintlang-recv:en* m=video 54332 RTP/AVP 32 96 A corresponding answer can indicate that the answering party is only capable to make the call in written English. The other media are accepted but not intended to be used for any dominating language communication. m=audio 60000 RTP/AVP 20 m=text 45040 RTP/AVP 103 104 a=humintlang-recv:en a=humintlang-send:en m=video 56000 RTP/AVP 96 5.5.4 Preference for speaking and receiving text In this example a French user with hearing loss prefers to speak and prefers to receive real-time text. The user also benefits from receiving spoken French, but does not handle a conversation in just spoken French well. The user also does not feel rapid enough on the keyboard, so sending text is not an alternative. The calling user would like to indicate that there is value to receive spoken French together with the recieved text. The current specification has no way to indicate that preference, so only the lower preference for received spoken French as an alternative is indicated. The calling user want the call to go through even if the languages do not match. This is indicated by the asterisk appended on the lower preference attribute for received French. When calling, the offer may be: m=audio 49250 RTP/AVP 20 a=humintlang-send:fr a=humintlang-recv:fr* m=text 45020 RTP/AVP 103 104 a=humintlang-recv:fr The answering party detects the two preferred attributes without an asterisk to be the main preferred languages for the conversation, and has capability for this combination. The answer will be: m=audio 49300 RTP/AVP 20 a=humintlang-recv:fr m=text 45600 RTP/AVP 103 104 a=humintlang-send:fr The same user is customer of a relay service that can be invoked if the answer does not satisfy the highest preference of the calling user. In another call starting with the same offer, the initial answer may be from a user who has no text capabilities. Instead the answering party detects that answering with spoken French is an option even if it is less preferred. The answer in this case indicates spoken French in both directions. m=audio 49300 RTP/AVP 20 a=humintlang-recv:fr a=humintlang-send:fr m=text 0 RTP/AVP 103 104 The answer is analyzed by the calling user's UE and the lack of the preferred received French text is detected. The UE invokes the relay service as a third party in the call, in order to get the spoken French from the called user to be translated to French text. The spoken French from the answering party will be delivered to both the calling user and the relay service. The invocation of the relay service is a separate application action and the signaling not included here. 6. IANA Considerations IANA is kindly requested to add two entries to the 'att-field (media level only)' table of the SDP parameters registry: Contact Name: Randall Gellens Contact Email Address: rg+ietf(_at_)randy(_dot_)pensive(_dot_)org Attribute Name: humintlang-recv Attribute Syntax: humintlang-value = Language-Tag [ asterisk ] ; Language-Tag defined in RFC 5646 asterisk = "*" Attribute Semantics: Described in Section 5.2-5.3 of TBD: THIS DOCUMENT Usage Level: media, dcsa(subprotocol) Charset Dependent: No Purpose: See Section 5.2-5.3 of TBD: THIS DOCUMENT Mux Category: NORMAL O/A Procedures: See Section 5.2-5.3 of TBD: THIS DOCUMENT Reference: TBD: THIS DOCUMENT Contact Name: Randall Gellens Contact Email Address: rg+ietf(_at_)randy(_dot_)pensive(_dot_)org Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 Attribute Name: humintlang-send Attribute Syntax: humintlang-value = Language-Tag [ asterisk ] ; Language-Tag defined in RFC 5646 asterisk = "*" Attribute Semantics: Described in Section 5.2-5.3 of TBD: THIS DOCUMENT Usage Level: media, dcsa(subprotocol) Charset Dependent: No Purpose: See Section 5.2-5.3 of TBD: THIS DOCUMENT Mux Category: NORMAL O/A Procedures: See Section 5.2-5.3 of TBD: THIS DOCUMENT Reference: TBD: THIS DOCUMENT 7. Security Considerations The Security Considerations of BCP 47 [RFC5646] apply here. In addition, if the 'humintlang-send' or 'humintlang-recv' values are altered or deleted en route, the session could fail or languages incomprehensible to the caller could be selected; however, this is also a risk if any SDP parameters are modified en route. 8. Privacy Considerations Language and media information can suggest a user's nationality, background, abilities, disabilities, etc. 9. Changes from Previous Versions RFC EDITOR: Please remove this section prior to publication. 9.1. Changes from draft-ietf-slim-...-04 to draft-ietf-slim-...-06 o Deleted Section 3 ("Expected Use") o Reworded modalities in Introduction from "voice, video, text" to "spoken, signed, written" o Reworded text about "increasingly fine-grained distinctions" to instead merely point to BCP 47 Section 4.1's advice to "tag content wisely" and not include unnecessary subtags o Changed IANA registration of new SDP attributes to follow RFC 4566 template with extra fields suggested in 4566-bis (expired draft) o Deleted "(known as voice carry over)" o Changed textual instanced of RFC 5646 to BCP 47, although actual reference remains RFC due to xml2rfc limitations Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 9.2. Changes from draft-ietf-slim-...-02 to draft-ietf-slim-...-03 o Added Examples o Added Privacy Considerations section o Other editorial changes for clarity 9.3. Changes from draft-ietf-slim-...-01 to draft-ietf-slim-...-02 o Deleted most of Section 4 and replaced with a very short summary o Replaced "wishes to" with "is willing to" in Section 5.2 o Reworded description of attribute usage to clarify when to set both, only one, or neither o Deleted all uses of "IMS" o Other editorial changes for clarity 9.4. Changes from draft-ietf-slim-...-00 to draft-ietf-slim-...-01 o Editorial changes to wording in Section 5. 9.5. Changes from draft-gellens-slim-...-03 to draft-ietf-slim-...-00 o Updated title to reflect WG adoption 9.6. Changes from draft-gellens-slim-...-02 to draft-gellens- slim-...-03 o Removed Use Cases section, per face-to-face discussion at IETF 93 o Removed discussion of routing, per face-to-face discussion at IETF 93 9.7. Changes from draft-gellens-slim-...-01 to draft-gellens- slim-...-02 o Updated NENA usage mention o Removed background text reference to draft-saintandre-sip-xmpp- chat-04 since that draft expired 9.8. Changes from draft-gellens-slim-...-00 to draft-gellens- slim-...-01 o Revision to keep draft from expiring 9.9. Changes from draft-gellens-mmusic-...-02 to draft-gellens- slim-...-00 o Changed name from -mmusic- to -slim- to reflect proposed WG name o As a result of the face-to-face discussion in Toronto, the SDP vs SIP issue was resolved by going back to SDP, taking out the SIP Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 hint, and converting what had been a set of alternate proposals for various ways of doing it within SIP into an informative annex section which includes background on why SDP is the proposal o Added mention that enabling a mutually comprehensible language is a general problem of which this document addresses the real-time side, with reference to [I-D.ietf-slim-multilangcontent] which addresses the non-real-time side. 9.10. Changes from draft-gellens-mmusic-...-01 to -02 o Added clarifying text on leaving attributes unset for media not primarily intended for human language communication (e.g., background audio or video). o Added new section Appendix A ("Alternative Proposal: Caller- prefs") discussing use of SIP-level Caller-prefs instead of SDP- level. 9.11. Changes from draft-gellens-mmusic-...-00 to -01 o Relaxed language on setting -send and -receive to same values; added text on leaving on empty to indicate asymmetric usage. o Added text that clients on behalf of end users are expected to set the attributes on outgoing calls and ignore on incoming calls while systems on behalf of call centers and PSAPs are expected to take the attributes into account when processing incoming calls. 9.12. Changes from draft-gellens-...-02 to draft-gellens-mmusic-...-00 o Updated text to refer to RFC 5646 rather than the IANA language subtags registry directly. o Moved discussion of existing 'lang' attribute out of "Proposed Solution" section and into own section now that it is not part of proposal. o Updated text about existing 'lang' attribute. o Added example use cases. o Replaced proposed single 'humintlang' attribute with 'humintlang- send' and 'humintlang-recv' per Harald's request/information that it was a misuse of SDP to use the same attribute for sending and receiving. o Added section describing usage being advisory vs required and text in attribute section. o Added section on SIP "hint" header (not yet nailed down between new and existing header). o Added text discussing usage in policy-based routing function or use of SIP header "hint" if unable to do so. o Added SHOULD that the value of the parameters stick to the largest granularity of language tags. Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 o Added text to Introduction to be try and be more clear about purpose of document and problem being solved. o Many wording improvements and clarifications throughout the document. o Filled in Security Considerations. o Filled in IANA Considerations. o Added to Acknowledgments those who participated in the Orlando ad- hoc discussion as well as those who participated in email discussion and side one-on-one discussions. 9.13. Changes from draft-gellens-...-01 to -02 o Updated text for (possible) new attribute "humintlang" to reference RFC 5646 o Added clarifying text for (possible) re-use of existing 'lang' attribute saying that the registration would be updated to reflect different semantics for multiple values for interactive versus non-interactive media. o Added clarifying text for (possible) new attribute "humintlang" to attempt to better describe the role of language tags in media in an offer and an answer. 9.14. Changes from draft-gellens-...-00 to -01 o Changed name of (possible) new attribute from 'humlang" to "humintlang" o Added discussion of silly state (language not appropriate for media type) o Added Voice Carry Over example o Added mention of multilingual people and multiple languages o Minor text clarifications 10. Contributors Gunnar Hellstrom deserves special mention for his reviews, assistance, and especially for contributing the core text in Appendix A. 11. Acknowledgments Many thanks to Bernard Aboba, Harald Alvestrand, Flemming Andreasen, Francois Audet, Eric Burger, Keith Drage, Doug Ewell, Christian Groves, Andrew Hutton, Hadriel Kaplan, Ari Keranen, John Klensin, Paul Kyzivat, John Levine, Alexey Melnikov, James Polk, Pete Resnick, Peter Saint-Andre, and Dale Worley for reviews, corrections, suggestions, and participating in in-person and email discussions. Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 12. References 12.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session Description Protocol", RFC 4566, DOI 10.17487/RFC4566, July 2006, . [RFC5646] Phillips, A., Ed. and M. Davis, Ed., "Tags for Identifying Languages", BCP 47, RFC 5646, DOI 10.17487/RFC5646, September 2009, . 12.2. Informational References [I-D.ietf-slim-multilangcontent] Tomkinson, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multiple Language Content Type", draft-ietf-slim-multilangcontent-06 (work in progress), October 2016. [RFC3264] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264, DOI 10.17487/RFC3264, June 2002, . [RFC3840] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and P. Kyzivat, "Indicating User Agent Capabilities in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3840, DOI 10.17487/RFC3840, August 2004, . [RFC3841] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and P. Kyzivat, "Caller Preferences for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3841, DOI 10.17487/RFC3841, August 2004, . Appendix A. Historic Alternative Proposal: Caller-prefs The decision to base the proposal at the media negotiation level, and specifically to use SDP, came after significant debate and discussion. It is possible to meet the objectives using a variety of mechanisms, but none are perfect. Using SDP means dealing with the complexity of SDP, and leaves out real-time session protocols that do not use SDP. The major alternative proposal was to use SIP. Using Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 SIP leaves out non-SIP session protocols, but more fundamentally, would occur at a different layer than the media negotiation. This results in a more fragile solution since the media modality and language would be negotiated using SIP, and then the specific media formats (which inherently include the modality) would be negotiated at a different level (typically SDP, especially in the emergency calling cases), making it easier to have mismatches (such as where the media modality negotiated in SIP don't match what was negotiated using SDP). An alternative proposal was to use the SIP-level Caller Preferences mechanism from RFC 3840 [RFC3840] and RFC 3841 [RFC3841]. The Caller-prefs mechanism includes a priority system; this would allow different combinations of media and languages to be assigned different priorities. The evaluation and decisions on what to do with the call can be done either by proxies along the call path, or by the addressed UA. Evaluation of alternatives for routing is described in RFC 3841 [RFC3841]. A.1. Use of Caller Preferences Without Additions The following would be possible without adding any new registered tags: Potential callers and recipients MAY include in the Contact field in their SIP registrations media and language tags according to the joint capabilities of the UA and the human user according to RFC 3840 [RFC3840]. The most relevant media capability tags are "video", "text" and "audio". Each tag represents a capability to use the media in two- way communication. Language capabilities are declared with a comma-separated list of languages that can be used in the call as parameters to the tag "language=". This is an example of how it is used in a SIP REGISTER: REGISTER user(_at_)example(_dot_)net Contact: audio; video; text; language="en,es,ase" Including this information in SIP REGISTER allows proxies to act on the information. For the problem set addressed by this document, it Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 is not anticipated that proxies will do so using registration data. Further, there are classes of devices (such as cellular mobile phones) that are not anticipated to include this information in their registrations. Hence, use in registration is OPTIONAL. In a call, a list of acceptable media and language combinations is declared, and a priority assigned to each combination. This is done by the Accept-Contact header field, which defines different combinations of media and languages and assigns priorities for completing the call with the SIP URI represented by that Contact. A priority is assigned to each set as a so-called "q-value" which ranges from 1 (most preferred) to 0 (least preferred). Using the Accept-Contact header field in INVITE requests and responses allows these capabilities to be expressed and used during call set-up. Clients SHOULD include this information in INVITE requests and responses. Example: Accept-Contact: *; text; language="en"; q=0.2 Accept-Contact: *; video; language="ase"; q=0.8 This example shows the highest preference expressed by the caller is to use video with American Sign Language (language code "ase"). As a fallback, it is acceptable to get the call connected with only English text used for human communication. Other media may of course be connected as well, without expectation that it will be usable by the caller for interactive communications (but may still be helpful to the caller). This system satisfies all the needs described in the previous chapters, except that language specifications do not make any distinction between spoken and written language, and that the need for directionality in the specification cannot be fulfilled. To some degree the lack of media specification between speech and text in language tags can be compensated by only specifying the important medium in the Accept-Contact field. Thus, a user who wants to use English mainly for text would specify: Accept-Contact: *;text;language="en";q=1.0 Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 While a user who wants to use English mainly for speech but accept it for text would specify: Accept-Contact: *;audio;language="en";q=0.8 Accept-Contact: *;text;language="en";q=0.2 However, a user who would like to talk, but receive text back has no way to do it with the existing specification. A.2. Additional Caller Preferences for Asymmetric Needs In order to be able to specify asymmetric preferences, there are two possibilities. Either new language tags in the style of the humintlang parameters described above for SDP could be registered, or additional media tags describing the asymmetry could be registered. A.2.1. Caller Preferences for Asymmetric Modality Needs The following new media tags should be defined: speech-receive speech-send text-receive text-send sign-send sign-receive A user who prefers to talk and get text in return in English would register the following (if including this information in registration data): REGISTER user(_at_)example(_dot_)net Contact: audio;text;speech-send;text- receive;language="en" At call time, a user who prefers to talk and get text in return in English would set the Accept-Contact header field to: Accept-Contact: *; audio; text; speech-receive; text-send; language="en";q=0.8 Accept-Contact: *; text; language="en"; q=0.2 Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 Note that the directions specified here are as viewed from the callee side to match what the callee has registered. A bridge arranged for invoking a relay service specifically arranged for captioned telephony would register the following for supporting calling users: REGISTER ct(_at_)ctrelay(_dot_)net Contact: audio; text; speech-receive; text-send; language="en" A bridge arranged for invoking a relay service specifically arranged for captioned telephony would register the following for supporting called users: REGISTER ct(_at_)ctrelay(_dot_)net Contact: audio; text; speech-send; text- receive; language="en" At call time, these alternatives are included in the list of possible outcome of the call routing by the SIP proxies and the proper relay service is invoked. A.2.2. Caller Preferences for Asymmetric Language Tags An alternative is to register new language tags for the purpose of asymmetric language usage. Instead of using "language=", six new language tags would be registered: humintlang-text-recv humintlang-text-send humintlang-speech-recv humintlang-speech-send humintlang-sign-recv humintlang-sign-send These language tags would be used instead of the regular bidirectional language tags, and users with bidirectional capabilities SHOULD specify values for both directions. Services specifically arranged for supporting users with asymmetric needs SHOULD specify only the asymmetry they support. Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 18] Internet-Draft Negotiating Human Language February 2017 Author's Address Randall Gellens Core Technology Consulting Email: rg+ietf(_at_)randy(_dot_)pensive(_dot_)org Gellens Expires August 6, 2017 [Page 19]