RE: Who Is Bin Laden?

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Subject: Who Is Bin Laden?


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> Who Is Osama Bin Laden?
>
>
> by Michel Chossudovsky
> Professor of Economics, University of Ottawa
>
> Centre for Research on Globalisation (CRG), Montréal
> Posted 12 September 2001
>
>
>
> A few hours after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center
> and the Pentagon, the Bush administration concluded without
> supporting evidence, that "Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda
> organisation were prime suspects". CIA Director George Tenet stated
> that bin Laden has the capacity to plan ``multiple attacks with
> little or no warning.'' Secretary of State Colin Powell called the
> attacks "an act of war" and President Bush confirmed in an evening
> televised address to the Nation that he would "make no distinction
> between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor
> them". Former CIA Director James Woolsey pointed his finger at
> "state sponsorship," implying the complicity of one or more foreign
> governments. In the words of former National Security Adviser,
> Lawrence Eagleburger, "I think we will show when we get attacked
> like this, we are terrible in our strength and in our retribution."
>
> Meanwhile, parroting official statements, the Western media mantra
> has approved the launching of "punitive actions" directed against
> civilian targets in the Middle East. In the words of William Saffire
> writing in the New York Times: "When we reasonably determine our
> attackers' bases and camps, we must pulverize them -- minimizing but
> accepting the risk of collateral damage" -- and act overtly or
> covertly to destabilize terror's national hosts".
>
> The following text outlines the history of Osama Bin Laden and the
> links of the Islamic "Jihad" to the formulation of US foreign policy
> during the Cold War and its aftermath.
>
>
> Prime suspect in the New York and Washington terrorists attacks,
> branded by the FBI as an "international terrorist" for his role in
> the African US embassy bombings, Saudi born Osama bin Laden was
> recruited during the Soviet-Afghan war "ironically under the
> auspices of the CIA, to fight Soviet invaders". 1
>
> In 1979 "the largest covert operation in the history of the CIA" was
> launched in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in
> support of the pro-Communist government of Babrak Kamal.2:
> With the active encouragement of the CIA and Pakistan's ISI [Inter
> Services Intelligence], who wanted to turn the Afghan jihad into a
> global war waged by all Muslim states against the Soviet Union, some
> 35,000 Muslim radicals from 40 Islamic countries joined
> Afghanistan's fight between 1982 and 1992. Tens of thousands more
> came to study in Pakistani madrasahs. Eventually more than 100,000
> foreign Muslim radicals were directly influenced by the Afghan
> jihad.3
>
> The Islamic "jihad" was supported by the United States and Saudi
> Arabia with a significant part of the funding generated from the
> Golden Crescent drug trade:
> In March 1985, President Reagan signed National Security Decision
> Directive 166,...[which] authorize[d] stepped-up covert military aid
> to the mujahideen, and it made clear that the secret Afghan war had
> a new goal: to defeat Soviet troops in Afghanistan through covert
> action and encourage a Soviet withdrawal. The new covert U.S.
> assistance began with a dramatic increase in arms supplies -- a
> steady rise to 65,000 tons annually by 1987, ... as well as a
> "ceaseless stream" of CIA and Pentagon specialists who traveled to
> the secret headquarters of Pakistan's ISI on the main road near
> Rawalpindi, Pakistan. There the CIA specialists met with Pakistani
> intelligence officers to help plan operations for the Afghan rebels.4
>
> The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) using Pakistan's military
> Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) played a key role in training the
> Mujahideen. In turn, the CIA sponsored guerrilla training was
> integrated with the teachings of Islam:
> Predominant themes were that Islam was a complete socio-political
> ideology, that holy Islam was being violated by the atheistic Soviet
> troops, and that the Islamic people of Afghanistan should reassert
> their independence by overthrowing the leftist Afghan regime propped
> up by Moscow.5
>
>
>
> Pakistan's Intelligence Apparatus
>
>
> Pakistan's ISI was used as a "go-between". The CIA covert support to
> the "jihad" operated indirectly through the Pakistani ISI, --i.e.
> the CIA did not channel its support directly to the Mujahideen. In
> other words, for these covert operations to be "successful",
> Washington was careful not to reveal the ultimate objective of the
> "jihad", which consisted in destroying the Soviet Union.
>
> In the words of CIA's Milton Beardman "We didn't train Arabs". Yet
> according to Abdel Monam Saidali, of the Al-aram Center for
> Strategic Studies in Cairo, bin Laden and the "Afghan Arabs" had
> been imparted "with very sophisticated types of training that was
> allowed to them by the CIA" 6
>
> CIA's Beardman confirmed, in this regard, that Osama bin Laden was
> not aware of the role he was playing on behalf of Washington. In the
> words of bin Laden (quoted by Beardman): "neither I, nor my brothers
> saw evidence of American help". 7
>
> Motivated by nationalism and religious fervor, the Islamic warriors
> were unaware that they were fighting the Soviet Army on behalf of
> Uncle Sam. While there were contacts at the upper levels of the
> intelligence hierarchy, Islamic rebel leaders in theatre had no
> contacts with Washington or the CIA.
>
> With CIA backing and the funneling of massive amounts of US military
> aid, the Pakistani ISI had developed into a "parallel structure
> wielding enormous power over all aspects of government". 8 The ISI
> had a staff composed of military and intelligence officers,
> bureaucrats, undercover agents and informers, estimated at 150,000. 9
>
> Meanwhile, CIA operations had also reinforced the Pakistani military
> regime led by General Zia Ul Haq:
> 'Relations between the CIA and the ISI [Pakistan's military
> intelligence] had grown increasingly warm following [General] Zia's
> ouster of Bhutto and the advent of the military regime,'... During
> most of the Afghan war, Pakistan was more aggressively anti-Soviet
> than even the United States. Soon after the Soviet military invaded
> Afghanistan in 1980, Zia [ul Haq] sent his ISI chief to destabilize
> the Soviet Central Asian states. The CIA only agreed to this plan in
> October 1984.... `the CIA was more cautious than the Pakistanis.'
> Both Pakistan and the United States took the line of deception on
> Afghanistan with a public posture of negotiating a settlement while
> privately agreeing that military escalation was the best course.10
>
>
>
> The Golden Crescent Drug Triangle
>
>
> The history of the drug trade in Central Asia is intimately related
> to the CIA's covert operations. Prior to the Soviet-Afghan war,
> opium production in Afghanistan and Pakistan was directed to small
> regional markets. There was no local production of heroin. 11 In
> this regard, Alfred McCoy's study confirms that within two years of
> the onslaught of the CIA operation in Afghanistan, "the
> Pakistan-Afghanistan borderlands became the world's top heroin
> producer, supplying 60 percent of U.S. demand. In Pakistan, the
> heroin-addict population went from near zero in 1979... to 1.2
> million by 1985 -- a much steeper rise than in any other nation":12
> CIA assets again controlled this heroin trade. As the Mujahideen
> guerrillas seized territory inside Afghanistan, they ordered
> peasants to plant opium as a revolutionary tax. Across the border in
> Pakistan, Afghan leaders and local syndicates under the protection
> of Pakistan Intelligence operated hundreds of heroin laboratories.
> During this decade of wide-open drug-dealing, the U.S. Drug
> Enforcement Agency in Islamabad failed to instigate major seizures
> or arrests ... U.S. officials had refused to investigate charges of
> heroin dealing by its Afghan allies `because U.S. narcotics policy
> in Afghanistan has been subordinated to the war against Soviet
> influence there.' In 1995, the former CIA director of the Afghan
> operation, Charles Cogan, admitted the CIA had indeed sacrificed the
> drug war to fight the Cold War. `Our main mission was to do as much
> damage as possible to the Soviets. We didn't really have the
> resources or the time to devote to an investigation of the drug
> trade,'... `I don't think that we need to apologize for this. Every
> situation has its fallout.... There was fallout in terms of drugs,
> yes. But the main objective was accomplished. The Soviets left
> Afghanistan.'13
>
>
>
> In the Wake of the Cold War
>
>
> In the wake of the Cold War, the Central Asian region is not only
> strategic for its extensive oil reserves, it also produces three
> quarters of the World's opium representing multibillion dollar
> revenues to business syndicates, financial institutions,
> intelligence agencies and organized crime. The annual proceeds of
> the Golden Crescent drug trade (between 100 and 200 billion dollars)
> represents approximately one third of the Worldwide annual turnover
> of narcotics, estimated by the United Nations to be of the order of
> $500 billion.14
>
> With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, a new surge in opium
> production has unfolded. (According to UN estimates, the production
> of opium in Afghanistan in 1998-99 -- coinciding with the build up
> of armed insurgencies in the former Soviet republics-- reached a
> record high of 4600 metric tons.15 Powerful business syndicates in
> the former Soviet Union allied with organized crime are competing
> for the strategic control over the heroin routes.
>
> The ISI's extensive intelligence military-network was not dismantled
> in the wake of the Cold War. The CIA continued to support the
> Islamic "jihad" out of Pakistan. New undercover initiatives were set
> in motion in Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Balkans. Pakistan's
> military and intelligence apparatus essentially "served as a
> catalyst for the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the
> emergence of six new Muslim republics in Central Asia." 16.
>
> Meanwhile, Islamic missionaries of the Wahhabi sect from Saudi
> Arabia had established themselves in the Muslim republics as well as
> within the Russian federation encroaching upon the institutions of
> the secular State. Despite its anti-American ideology, Islamic
> fundamentalism was largely serving Washington's strategic interests
> in the former Soviet Union.
>
> Following the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, the civil war in
> Afghanistan continued unabated. The Taliban were being supported by
> the Pakistani Deobandis and their political party the
> Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Islam (JUI). In 1993, JUI entered the government
> coalition of Prime Minister Benazzir Bhutto. Ties between JUI, the
> Army and ISI were established. In 1995, with the downfall of the
> Hezb-I-Islami Hektmatyar government in Kabul, the Taliban not only
> instated a hardline Islamic government, they also "handed control of
> training camps in Afghanistan over to JUI factions..." 17
>
> And the JUI with the support of the Saudi Wahhabi movements played a
> key role in recruiting volunteers to fight in the Balkans and the
> former Soviet Union.
>
> Jane Defense Weekly confirms in this regard that "half of Taliban
> manpower and equipment originate[d] in Pakistan under the ISI" 18
>
> In fact, it would appear that following the Soviet withdrawal both
> sides in the Afghan civil war continued to receive covert support
> through Pakistan's ISI. 19
>
> In other words, backed by Pakistan's military intelligence (ISI)
> which in turn was controlled by the CIA, the Taliban Islamic State
> was largely serving American geopolitical interests. The Golden
> Crescent drug trade was also being used to finance and equip the
> Bosnian Muslim Army (starting in the early 1990s) and the Kosovo
> Liberation Army (KLA). In last few months there is evidence that
> Mujahideen mercenaries are fighting in the ranks of KLA-NLA
> terrorists in their assaults into Macedonia.
>
> No doubt, this explains why Washington has closed its eyes on the
> reign of terror imposed by the Taliban including the blatant
> derogation of women's rights, the closing down of schools for girls,
> the dismissal of women employees from government offices and the
> enforcement of "the Sharia laws of punishment".20
>
>
> The War in Chechnya
>
>
> With regard to Chechnya, the main rebel leaders Shamil Basayev and
> Al Khattab were trained and indoctrinated in CIA sponsored camps in
> Afghanistan and Pakistan. According to Yossef Bodansky, director of
> the U.S. Congress's Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional
> Warfare, the war in Chechnya had been planned during a secret summit
> of HizbAllah International held in 1996 in Mogadishu, Somalia. 21
> The summit, was attended by Osama bin Laden and high-ranking Iranian
> and Pakistani intelligence officers. In this regard, the involvement
> of Pakistan's ISI in Chechnya "goes far beyond supplying the
> Chechens with weapons and expertise: the ISI and its radical Islamic
> proxies are actually calling the shots in this war". 22
>
> Russia's main pipeline route transits through Chechnya and Dagestan.
> Despite Washington's perfunctory condemnation of Islamic terrorism,
> the indirect beneficiaries of the Chechen war are the Anglo-American
> oil conglomerates which are vying for control over oil resources and
> pipeline corridors out of the Caspian Sea basin.
>
> The two main Chechen rebel armies (respectively led by Commander
> Shamil Basayev and Emir Khattab) estimated at 35,000 strong were
> supported by Pakistan's ISI, which also played a key role in
> organizing and training the Chechen rebel army:
> [In 1994] the Pakistani Inter Services Intelligence arranged for
> Basayev and his trusted lieutenants to undergo intensive Islamic
> indoctrination and training in guerrilla warfare in the Khost
> province of Afghanistan at Amir Muawia camp, set up in the early
> 1980s by the CIA and ISI and run by famous Afghani warlord Gulbuddin
> Hekmatyar. In July 1994, upon graduating from Amir Muawia, Basayev
> was transferred to Markaz-i-Dawar camp in Pakistan to undergo
> training in advanced guerrilla tactics. In Pakistan, Basayev met the
> highest ranking Pakistani military and intelligence officers:
> Minister of Defense General Aftab Shahban Mirani, Minister of
> Interior General Naserullah Babar, and the head of the ISI branch in
> charge of supporting Islamic causes, General Javed Ashraf, (all now
> retired). High-level connections soon proved very useful to
> Basayev.23
> Following his training and indoctrination stint, Basayev was
> assigned to lead the assault against Russian federal troops in the
> first Chechen war in 1995. His organization had also developed
> extensive links to criminal syndicates in Moscow as well as ties to
> Albanian organized crime and the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). In
> 1997-98, according to Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB)
> "Chechen warlords started buying up real estate in Kosovo... through
> several real estate firms registered as a cover in Yugoslavia" 24
>
> Basayev's organisation has also been involved in a number of rackets
> including narcotics, illegal tapping and sabotage of Russia's oil
> pipelines, kidnapping, prostitution, trade in counterfeit dollars
> and the smuggling of nuclear materials (See Mafia linked to
> Albania's collapsed pyramids, 25 Alongside the extensive laundering
> of drug money, the proceeds of various illicit activities have been
> funneled towards the recruitment of mercenaries and the purchase of
> weapons.
>
> During his training in Afghanistan, Shamil Basayev linked up with
> Saudi born veteran Mujahideen Commander "Al Khattab" who had fought
> as a volunteer in Afghanistan. Barely a few months after Basayev's
> return to Grozny, Khattab was invited (early 1995) to set up an army
> base in Chechnya for the training of Mujahideen fighters. According
> to the BBC, Khattab's posting to Chechnya had been "arranged through
> the Saudi-Arabian based [International] Islamic Relief Organisation,
> a militant religious organisation, funded by mosques and rich
> individuals which channeled funds into Chechnya".26
>
>
> Concluding Remarks
>
>
> Since the Cold War era, Washington has consciously supported Osama
> bin Laden, while at same time placing him on the FBI's "most wanted
> list" as the World's foremost terrorist.
>
> While the Mujahideen are busy fighting America's war in the Balkans
> and the former Soviet Union, the FBI --operating as a US based
> Police Force- is waging a domestic war against terrorism, operating
> in some respects independently of the CIA which has --since the
> Soviet-Afghan war-- supported international terrorism through its
> covert operations.
>
> In a cruel irony, while the Islamic jihad --featured by the Bush
> Adminstration as "a threat to America"-- is blamed for the terrorist
> assaults on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon, these same
> Islamic organisations constitute a key instrument of US
> military-intelligence operations in the Balkans and the former
> Soviet Union.
>
> In the wake of the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, the
> truth must prevail to prevent the Bush Adminstration together with
> its NATO partners from embarking upon a military adventure which
> threatens the future of humanity.
>
>
>
>
> Endnotes
>
>    * Hugh Davies, International: `Informers' point the finger at bin
> Laden; Washington on alert for suicide bombers, The Daily Telegraph,
> London, 24 August 1998.
>    * See Fred Halliday, "The Un-great game: the Country that lost
> the Cold War, Afghanistan, New Republic, 25 March 1996):
>    * Ahmed Rashid, The Taliban: Exporting Extremism, Foreign
> Affairs, November-December 1999.
>    * Steve Coll, Washington Post, July 19, 1992.
>    * Dilip Hiro, Fallout from the Afghan Jihad, Inter Press
> Services, 21 November 1995.
>    * Weekend Sunday (NPR); Eric Weiner, Ted Clark; 16 August 1998.
>    * Ibid.
>    * Dipankar Banerjee; Possible Connection of ISI With Drug
> Industry, India Abroad, 2 December 1994.
>    * Ibid
>    * See Diego Cordovez and Selig Harrison, Out of Afghanistan: The
> Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal, Oxford university Press, New
> York, 1995. See also the review of Cordovez and Harrison in
> International Press Services, 22 August 1995.
>    * Alfred McCoy, Drug fallout: the CIA's Forty Year Complicity in
> the Narcotics Trade. The Progressive; 1 August 1997.
>    * Ibid
>    * Ibid.
>    * Douglas Keh, Drug Money in a changing World, Technical document
> no 4, 1998, Vienna UNDCP, p. 4. See also Report of the International
> Narcotics Control Board for 1999, E/INCB/1999/1 United Nations
> Publication, Vienna 1999, p 49-51, And Richard Lapper, UN Fears
> Growth of Heroin Trade, Financial Times, 24 February 2000.
>    * Report of the International Narcotics Control Board, op cit, p
> 49-51, see also Richard Lapper, op. cit.
>    * International Press Services, 22 August 1995.
>    * Ahmed Rashid, The Taliban: Exporting Extremism, Foreign
> Affairs, November- December, 1999, p. 22.
>    * Quoted in the Christian Science Monitor, 3 September 1998)
>    * Tim McGirk, Kabul learns to live with its bearded conquerors,
> The Independent, London, 6 November1996.
>    * See K. Subrahmanyam, Pakistan is Pursuing Asian Goals, India
> Abroad, 3 November 1995.
>    * Levon Sevunts, Who's calling the shots?: Chechen conflict finds
> Islamic roots in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 23 The Gazette, Montreal,
> 26 October 1999..
>    * Ibid
>    * Ibid.
>    * See Vitaly Romanov and Viktor Yadukha, Chechen Front Moves To
> Kosovo Segodnia, Moscow, 23 Feb 2000.
>    * The European, 13 February 1997, See also Itar-Tass, 4-5 January 2000.
>    * BBC, 29 September 1999).
> The URL of this article is: http://globalresearch.ca/articles/CHO109C.html
>
> Copyright Michel Chossudovsky, Montreal, September 2001. All rights
> reserved. Permission is granted to post this text on non-commercial
> community internet sites, provided the source and the URL are
> indicated, the essay remains intact and the copyright note is
> displayed. To publish this text in printed and/or other forms,
> including commercial internet sites and excerpts, contact the author
> at chossudovsky(_at_)videotron(_dot_)ca, fax: 1-514-4256224.


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