Hello. For round-trip fidelity, Mac OS CJK encodings include many characters with mapping a single character in a Mac OS encoding to a sequence of standard Unicode characters. (cf. ftp://ftp.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/README.TXT ) In the case of Encode.pm, such characters are marked with |3 ("reverse fallback", only from the encoding to Unicode, but not back), so roundtrip conversion is not achieved. I have implemented some modules that allow roundtrip conversion for Mac OS CJK encodings, according to mappings in http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/ tarballs http://homepage1.nifty.com/nomenclator/perl/Lingua-ZH-MacChineseSimp-0.01.tar.gz http://homepage1.nifty.com/nomenclator/perl/Lingua-ZH-MacChineseTrad-0.01.tar.gz http://homepage1.nifty.com/nomenclator/perl/Lingua-JA-MacJapanese-0.01.tar.gz http://homepage1.nifty.com/nomenclator/perl/Lingua-KO-MacKorean-0.01.tar.gz PODs http://homepage1.nifty.com/nomenclator/perl/Lingua-ZH-MacChineseSimp.html http://homepage1.nifty.com/nomenclator/perl/Lingua-ZH-MacChineseTrad.html http://homepage1.nifty.com/nomenclator/perl/Lingua-JA-MacJapanese.html http://homepage1.nifty.com/nomenclator/perl/Lingua-KO-MacKorean.html Regards, SADAHIRO Tomoyuki